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Grammar

Les Propositions Relatives — Relative Clauses

Relative pronouns (qui, que, dont, où, lequel) link a dependent clause to an antecedent noun or pronoun. Choosing the right one depends on the grammatical role it plays.

Overview

PronounRole in relative clauseRefers to
quisubjectpeople or things
que / qu'direct objectpeople or things
dontreplaces de + nounpeople or things
place or timeplaces, times
lequel / laquelle…after preposition (not de/à+person)things (mostly)
ce qui / ce quesubject / object (no antecedent)whole idea or unspecified thing

Qui — Subject Pronoun

Use qui when it is the subject of the relative clause (it performs the action of the relative verb).

L'homme qui parle est mon père. (The man who is speaking is my father. — qui = subject of parle)
Le livre qui est sur la table est à moi. (The book that is on the table is mine.)
J'ai des amis qui habitent à Lyon. (I have friends who live in Lyon.)
Test: Replace with il/elle/ils — if it works grammatically, use qui. "L'homme… il parle" → qui.

Que / Qu' — Direct Object Pronoun

Use que when it is the direct object of the relative clause verb (someone else does the action to it).

Le film que j'ai vu était superbe. (The film that I saw was superb. — I saw the film)
La femme que tu connais est ma sœur. (The woman whom you know is my sister.)
C'est le livre qu'il m'a offert. (That's the book he gave me.)

Agreement in passé composé

When que precedes a verb in passé composé with avoir, the past participle agrees with the antecedent:

Les livres que j'ai lus. (les livres = masc pl → lus)
La lettre qu'il a écrite. (la lettre = fem sg → écrite)
Test: Replace with le/la/les — if it works as direct object, use que. "Il a vu le film" → que.

Dont — Replaces De + Noun

Use dont whenever the relative clause contains a verb or expression that requires de. It replaces de + noun/pronoun.

Verbs taking de

parler de qqch → Le sujet dont il parle est compliqué. (The subject he's talking about is complicated.)
avoir besoin de → C'est le livre dont j'ai besoin. (That's the book I need.)
se souvenir de → C'est un souvenir dont je me souviens bien. (It's a memory I remember well.)

Possession (whose)

L'homme dont la voiture est rouge est mon voisin. (The man whose car is red is my neighbour.)
La femme dont les enfants jouent ici est professeure. (The woman whose children are playing here is a teacher.)
Word order with dont + possession: dont + subject + verb + rest. Never say "dont sa voiture".

Où — Place or Time

Use for locations and time expressions. It replaces dans lequel, sur lequel etc. when referring to places, and replaces time expressions.

La ville j'habite est magnifique. (The city where I live is magnificent.)
C'est le restaurant on s'est rencontrés. (That's the restaurant where we met.)
Le jour je suis né, il neigeait. (The day (when) I was born, it was snowing.)
L'époque il vivait était difficile. (The era he lived in was difficult.)

Lequel / Laquelle / Lesquels / Lesquelles — After Prepositions

Use lequel (and its forms) after prepositions other than de (use dont) when the antecedent is a thing. It agrees in gender and number with the antecedent.

SingularPlural
Masculinelequellesquels
Femininelaquellelesquelles
Contractions: à + lequel = auquel; à + lesquels = auxquels; à + lesquelles = auxquelles. De + lequel = duquel, etc.
La table sur laquelle il écrit est ancienne. (The table on which he writes is old.)
L'outil avec lequel je travaille est cassé. (The tool with which I'm working is broken.)
Les raisons pour lesquelles je pars sont simples. (The reasons for which I'm leaving are simple.)
C'est le projet auquel je participe. (That's the project in which I'm participating.)

With people — prefer qui after prepositions

La personne avec qui je travaille est sympa. (The person I work with is nice. → who preferred for people)
La personne avec laquelle je travaille… (also correct, more formal)

Ce qui / Ce que / Ce dont / Ce à quoi

Used when there is no specific noun antecedent — they refer to a whole idea, or to an unspecified thing.

FormRoleExample
ce quisubject of rel. clauseCe qui m'intéresse, c'est la musique.
ce queobject of rel. clauseJe ne comprends pas ce que tu dis.
ce dontreplaces ce + deC'est ce dont j'ai besoin.
ce à quoiafter àJe sais ce à quoi tu penses.
Ce qui est important, c'est d'essayer. (What is important is to try.)
Ce que j'aime le plus, c'est voyager. (What I like most is travelling.)
Dis-moi ce dont tu as besoin. (Tell me what you need.)
Il a réussi, ce qui m'a surpris. (He succeeded, which surprised me. — refers to whole clause)

Quiz — Relative Clauses

1. "The man who speaks French" → L'homme ___ parle français.
2. "The book that I read" → Le livre ___ j'ai lu.
3. "The book I need" (avoir besoin de) → C'est le livre ___ j'ai besoin.
4. "The city where I was born" → La ville ___ je suis né.
5. "I don't understand what you're saying" → Je ne comprends pas ___ tu dis.
6. "The tool with which I work" → L'outil avec ___ je travaille.