🏠 Home 🔤 Articles ⚡ Verb Tenses 📖 Essential Vocab 📋 All Topics
🔤 Grammar · A1–A2

Articles
Les Articles

French has three article types — definite, indefinite, and partitive — and choosing the right one changes the meaning of a sentence. This guide covers all the rules, contractions, and exceptions.

3
Article types
40+
Examples
A1–A2
Level
🔵 Section 1

Definite Articles — le, la, l', les

Use definite articles to refer to a specific noun, a noun in general, or abstract concepts. Equivalent to English "the."

Gender / NumberArticleExampleMeaning
Masculine singular le le livre
before consonant
the book
Feminine singular la la table
before consonant
the table
Masc. or Fem. singular before vowel/h muet l' l'ami · l'école the friend · the school
Plural (all genders) les les livres · les tables the books · the tables
Rule: Use le/la/l' for singular nouns and les for all plurals. The gender of l' is hidden — you only see it when the article changes back to le or la before a consonant.
Le soleil brille aujourd'hui. The sun is shining today. General reference to the sun — always definite in French
J'aime la musique. I love music. Abstract/general concept → definite article (unlike English "I love music")
L'hôtel est complet. The hotel is full. Elision before h aspiré — l'hôtel, not le hôtel
Les enfants jouent dans le parc. The children are playing in the park. Plural — one form for both genders
Je préfère le café au thé. I prefer coffee to tea. General preference → definite article in French where English uses none
La France est belle. France is beautiful. Countries take definite articles in French
Key difference from English: French uses the definite article for general statements and abstract concepts where English uses nothing. J'aime le chocolat = "I love chocolate" (not "the chocolate"). Les chats sont indépendants = "Cats are independent."
🟢 Section 2

Indefinite Articles — un, une, des

Use indefinite articles to introduce an unspecified noun or to say "a/an." In the plural, des means "some" — often omitted in English but never in French.

Gender / NumberArticleExampleMeaning
Masculine singular un un ami a friend (m.)
Feminine singular une une amie a friend (f.)
Plural (all genders) des des amis · des amies some friends
After negation: un, une, des all change to de (or d' before a vowel) after a negative verb.
J'ai un chat.Je n'ai pas de chat.
C'est un bon restaurant. It's a good restaurant.
Elle a une voiture rouge. She has a red car.
Il y a des nuages dans le ciel. There are (some) clouds in the sky. English often drops "some" — French never drops des
Je n'ai pas de voiture. I don't have a car. After negation: un/une/des → de
Il n'y a plus d'espoir. There's no more hope. de + vowel → d' after negation
Exception — être: After c'est and ce sont, you keep un/une/des even in the negative.
Ce n'est pas un problème. (not de problème)
🟡 Section 3

Partitive Articles — du, de la, de l', des

Partitive articles express an unspecified quantity of something uncountable — "some bread," "some water," "some music." This is the article type that trips up English speakers the most.

Gender / NumberArticleExampleMeaning
Masculine singular du (de + le) manger du pain to eat (some) bread
Feminine singular de la boire de la bière to drink (some) beer
Masc./Fem. before vowel/h muet de l' de l'eau · de l'air some water · some air
Plural des faire des efforts to make (some) efforts
After negation: All partitive articles become de / d'.
Je mange du pain.Je ne mange pas de pain.
Elle boit de l'eau.Elle ne boit pas d'eau.
Je voudrais du café, s'il vous plaît. I'd like some coffee, please. Café is masculine → du
Tu as de la chance ! You're so lucky! (lit. You have some luck!) Chance is feminine → de la
Il faut de l'argent pour voyager. You need (some) money to travel. Argent is masculine but starts with vowel → de l'
Elle fait de la natation le lundi. She goes swimming on Mondays. Sports and activities with faire use partitive
Je ne bois pas de vin. I don't drink wine. After negation: du → de
Il écoute de la musique classique. He's listening to classical music.
Partitive vs. definite: Compare J'aime le chocolat (I love chocolate — in general) vs. Je mange du chocolat (I'm eating some chocolate — right now, a portion).
🔗 Section 4

Contractions with à and de

When the prepositions à or de precede the articles le or les, they contract. These contractions are mandatory — you cannot write à le or de les.

Contractions with à
à + le au
à + les aux
à + la à la (no contraction)
à + l' à l' (no contraction)
Contractions with de
de + le du
de + les des
de + la de la (no contraction)
de + l' de l' (no contraction)
Je vais au marché. (à + le) I'm going to the market.
Elle parle aux enfants. (à + les) She's talking to the children.
Le livre du professeur. (de + le) The teacher's book.
La couleur des fleurs. (de + les) The colour of the flowers.
Je vais à la boulangerie. (no contraction) I'm going to the bakery. à + la → no contraction
Le livre de l'étudiant. (no contraction) The student's book. de + l' → no contraction (elision already happened)
🚫 Section 5

When to Omit Articles

Unlike English, French almost always uses an article. But there are specific contexts where articles are dropped.

No article in these cases:
1. Professions after être, devenir, rester: Elle est médecin.
2. Nationality/religion after être: Il est français.
3. After en for feminine countries: Je vis en France.
4. In lists: Apportez stylos, cahiers, livres.
5. After certain prepositions of quantity: une tasse de café
Mon père est avocat. My father is a lawyer. Profession after être — no article (unlike English "a lawyer")
Elle est canadienne. She is Canadian. Nationality after être — no article
Je vis en Espagne. I live in Spain. Feminine country + en → no article
Je vis au Canada. I live in Canada. Masculine country → à + le = au
Un verre de vin, s'il te plaît. A glass of wine, please. After expressions of quantity: de, not du/de la
Beaucoup de gens pensent que… Many people think that… Beaucoup de, peu de, trop de → de, not des
✏️ Practice

Quiz — Les Articles

✏️ Articles Quiz 0 / 8
Which article completes this sentence? J'aime ___ chocolat.
Choose the correct form: Elle mange ___ pain.
What is the contraction of à + le?
After negation, which is correct? Je n'ai pas ___ voiture.
Which article is used for eau (water, feminine) in Je bois ___ eau.?
Complete with the correct contracted article: Je vais ___ cinéma. (à + le)
Complete: Il parle ___ directeur. (de + le)
What word fills the blank — with or without article? Elle est ___. (She is a doctor.) Type: médecin