Grammar

Les Expressions Modales — Modal Expressions

French modal verbs (devoir, pouvoir, vouloir, savoir) express ability, permission, obligation, and desire. All are followed by an infinitive.

Devoir — Must / Have to / Should

Meanings by tense

TenseMeaningExample
Presentmust, have to (obligation)Je dois travailler. (I must work.)
Presentprobably (deduction)Il doit être malade. (He must be sick.)
Conditionnelshould (advice)Tu devrais dormir plus. (You should sleep more.)
Passé composéhad to, must haveJ'ai dû partir. (I had to leave.)
Imparfaitwas supposed toIl devait venir. (He was supposed to come.)
Je dois finir ce rapport. (I have to finish this report.)
Tu devrais faire du sport. (You should exercise.)
Elle a dû oublier. (She must have forgotten.)

Pouvoir — Can / May / Be able to

Meanings

Je peux nager. (I can swim — ability)
Est-ce que je peux entrer ? (May I come in? — permission)
Tu pourrais m'aider ? (Could you help me? — polite request)
Il n'a pas pu venir. (He wasn't able to come.)
Puis-je is the formal inversion of je peux: Puis-je vous aider ? (May I help you?)

Vouloir — To Want

Key uses

Je veux partir. (I want to leave.)
Je voudrais un café. (I would like a coffee. — polite)
Veux-tu m'épouser ? (Will you marry me?)
Je veux bien. (I'd be happy to / willingly.)
Je veux dire… (I mean… / What I mean is…)
Politeness: je voudrais (conditionnel) is much more polite than je veux for requests.

Savoir — To Know (how to)

Savoir vs connaître

SavoirConnaître
knows facts, how to do somethingknows people, places (familiarity)
Je sais nager. (I know how to swim.)Je connais Marie. (I know Marie.)
Je sais où il est. (I know where he is.)Je connais Paris. (I know Paris.)
followed by infinitive or clausefollowed by noun only
Elle sait parler trois langues.
Tu sais ce qui s'est passé ? (Do you know what happened?)

Falloir — Must / Need to (Impersonal)

Falloir is an impersonal verb — it only exists in the 3rd person singular: il faut.

TenseFormExample
Présentil fautIl faut étudier. (One must study.)
Passé composéil a falluIl a fallu attendre. (We had to wait.)
Imparfaitil fallaitIl fallait partir. (We had to leave.)
Conditionnelil faudraitIl faudrait partir. (We should leave.)
Futuril faudraIl faudra payer. (We will have to pay.)

Il faut + infinitive vs il faut que + subjonctif

Il faut manger pour vivre. (One must eat to live — general)
Il faut que tu partes. (You must leave — specific person → subjonctif)

Comparison of Modal Verbs

VerbCore meaningKey distinction
devoirobligation / deductionJe dois = I must; Il doit être = He must be
pouvoirability / permissionJe peux = I can; tu peux = you may
vouloirdesire / willJe veux = I want; je voudrais = I'd like
savoirknowing how toJe sais nager ≠ je connais la piscine
falloirnecessity (impersonal)Il faut = one must; applies to all

All modal verbs take infinitive (no preposition needed)

Je dois partir / Je peux partir / Je veux partir / Je sais nager

Quiz — Modal Expressions

1. "You should sleep more" — which form of devoir?
2. Polite request: Je ___ un café, s'il vous plaît. (vouloir, conditionnel)
3. "She knows how to cook" — which verb?
4. "One must reserve in advance": ___ réserver à l'avance.
5. "Il doit être fatigué" means:
6. Polite question: "Could you help me?" →