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Articles
Les Articles

French has three article types — definite, indefinite, and partitive — and choosing the right one changes the meaning of a sentence. This guide covers all the rules, contractions, and exceptions.

3
Article types
40+
Examples
A1–A2
Level
🔵 Section 1

Definite Articles — le, la, l', les

Use definite articles to refer to a specific noun, a noun in general, or abstract concepts. Equivalent to English "the."

Gender / NumberArticleExampleMeaning
Masculine singular le le livre
before consonant
the book
Feminine singular la la table
before consonant
the table
Masc. or Fem. singular before vowel/h muet l' l'ami · l'école the friend · the school
Plural (all genders) les les livres · les tables the books · the tables
Rule: Use le/la/l' for singular nouns and les for all plurals. The gender of l' is hidden — you only see it when the article changes back to le or la before a consonant.
Le soleil brille aujourd'hui. The sun is shining today. General reference to the sun — always definite in French
J'aime la musique. I love music. Abstract/general concept → definite article (unlike English "I love music")
L'hôtel est complet. The hotel is full. Elision before h aspiré — l'hôtel, not le hôtel
Les enfants jouent dans le parc. The children are playing in the park. Plural — one form for both genders
Je préfère le café au thé. I prefer coffee to tea. General preference → definite article in French where English uses none
La France est belle. France is beautiful. Countries take definite articles in French
Key difference from English: French uses the definite article for general statements and abstract concepts where English uses nothing. J'aime le chocolat = "I love chocolate" (not "the chocolate"). Les chats sont indépendants = "Cats are independent."
🟢 Section 2

Indefinite Articles — un, une, des

Use indefinite articles to introduce an unspecified noun or to say "a/an." In the plural, des means "some" — often omitted in English but never in French.

Gender / NumberArticleExampleMeaning
Masculine singular un un ami a friend (m.)
Feminine singular une une amie a friend (f.)
Plural (all genders) des des amis · des amies some friends
After negation: un, une, des all change to de (or d' before a vowel) after a negative verb.
J'ai un chat. → Je n'ai pas de chat.
C'est un bon restaurant. It's a good restaurant.
Elle a une voiture rouge. She has a red car.
Il y a des nuages dans le ciel. There are (some) clouds in the sky. English often drops "some" — French never drops des
Je n'ai pas de voiture. I don't have a car. After negation: un/une/des → de
Il n'y a plus d'espoir. There's no more hope. de + vowel → d' after negation
Exception — être: After c'est and ce sont, you keep un/une/des even in the negative.
Ce n'est pas un problème. (not de problème)
🟡 Section 3

Partitive Articles — du, de la, de l', des

Partitive articles express an unspecified quantity of something uncountable — "some bread," "some water," "some music." This is the article type that trips up English speakers the most.

Gender / NumberArticleExampleMeaning
Masculine singular du (de + le) manger du pain to eat (some) bread
Feminine singular de la boire de la bière to drink (some) beer
Masc./Fem. before vowel/h muet de l' de l'eau · de l'air some water · some air
Plural des faire des efforts to make (some) efforts
After negation: All partitive articles become de / d'.
Je mange du pain. → Je ne mange pas de pain.
Elle boit de l'eau. → Elle ne boit pas d'eau.
Je voudrais du café, s'il vous plaît. I'd like some coffee, please. Café is masculine → du
Tu as de la chance ! You're so lucky! (lit. You have some luck!) Chance is feminine → de la
Il faut de l'argent pour voyager. You need (some) money to travel. Argent is masculine but starts with vowel → de l'
Elle fait de la natation le lundi. She goes swimming on Mondays. Sports and activities with faire use partitive
Je ne bois pas de vin. I don't drink wine. After negation: du → de
Il écoute de la musique classique. He's listening to classical music.
Partitive vs. definite: Compare J'aime le chocolat (I love chocolate — in general) vs. Je mange du chocolat (I'm eating some chocolate — right now, a portion).
🔗 Section 4

Contractions with à and de

When the prepositions à or de precede the articles le or les, they contract. These contractions are mandatory — you cannot write à le or de les.

Contractions with à
à + le → au
à + les → aux
à + la → à la (no contraction)
à + l' → à l' (no contraction)
Contractions with de
de + le → du
de + les → des
de + la → de la (no contraction)
de + l' → de l' (no contraction)
Je vais au marché. (à + le) I'm going to the market.
Elle parle aux enfants. (à + les) She's talking to the children.
Le livre du professeur. (de + le) The teacher's book.
La couleur des fleurs. (de + les) The colour of the flowers.
Je vais à la boulangerie. (no contraction) I'm going to the bakery. à + la → no contraction
Le livre de l'étudiant. (no contraction) The student's book. de + l' → no contraction (elision already happened)
🚫 Section 5

When to Omit Articles

Unlike English, French almost always uses an article. But there are specific contexts where articles are dropped.

No article in these cases:
1. Professions after être, devenir, rester: Elle est médecin.
2. Nationality/religion after être: Il est français.
3. After en for feminine countries: Je vis en France.
4. In lists: Apportez stylos, cahiers, livres.
5. After certain prepositions of quantity: une tasse de café
Mon père est avocat. My father is a lawyer. Profession after être — no article (unlike English "a lawyer")
Elle est canadienne. She is Canadian. Nationality after être — no article
Je vis en Espagne. I live in Spain. Feminine country + en → no article
Je vis au Canada. I live in Canada. Masculine country → à + le = au
Un verre de vin, s'il te plaît. A glass of wine, please. After expressions of quantity: de, not du/de la
Beaucoup de gens pensent que… Many people think that… Beaucoup de, peu de, trop de → de, not des
✏️ Practice

Quiz — Les Articles

✏️ Articles Quiz 0 / 8
Which article completes this sentence? J'aime ___ chocolat.
Choose the correct form: Elle mange ___ pain.
What is the contraction of à + le?
After negation, which is correct? Je n'ai pas ___ voiture.
Which article is used for eau (water, feminine) in Je bois ___ eau.?
Complete with the correct contracted article: Je vais ___ cinéma. (à + le)
Complete: Il parle ___ directeur. (de + le)
What word fills the blank — with or without article? Elle est ___. (She is a doctor.) Type: médecin